Case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Contextual investigation examination - Essay Example For resorts, these mechanical points of interest opened new open doors regarding contribution in time-sharing tasks and the improvement of new properties, for example, entertainment centered lodging and better quality lodging. In Florida the housing business was encountering the time of changes of significant net development with the resorts’ inhabitance to remain impressively higher than in some other locale of U.S. Being a piece of Playa Dorada, Inc. situated in Deerfield Beach, Florida, the Tennis Club experienced its high occasions with 26,6% of all guests to be engaged with such action. Nonetheless, the current executive Douglas Hall perceived the two fundamental issues that were worth consideration: absence of limit and valuing structure. In this specific situation, the principle concerns were to handle such issues to empower more guests utilize tennis courts. Regardless of the twenty-three courts accessible for the guests, the vast majority of them were involved in the most utilized hours. As an answer for the issue, Hall thought of building additional courts as a similar expense, be that as it may, they would carry an overal deficit to the organization. Likewise, new courts would require dup lication of offices that alongside administration staff would carry more noteworthy expense to the retreat. While the issue with limit was difficult to determine, the estimating structure could be utilized by Hall as moving of the circumstance. Through unique evaluating plans, advancements and extra administrations, the Tennis Club could actualize changes per court charge, for example, pairs play. Notwithstanding the decrease in income in copies play, more visitors would have the option to utilize the court. Through execution of less charges for hard-surface court, the organization would make it more cost reasonable. Furthermore, the tennis and rebate plans would likewise move the utilization of hard-surface courts for the grown-up customers to play while more youthful players would be offered half off following two hours of play on hard-surface court. To make the tennis courts accessible to more individuals, there is motivation to thoroughly consider the reason

Innovations In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay Essay Example

Advancements In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay Example Advancements In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay Developments In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay This paper will try to place, correlation and difference two innovatory adjustments which include taken topographic point inside Health and Social Care. This paper will talk the picked creations and research them in profundity elucidating the considerations, history and issues environing them. It will focus on issues, for example, drivers for adjustment, qualities and research. It has been hard trying to make up ones psyche on two creations to talk inside this paper as there are numerous developments inside Health and Social Care and increasingly advancing every twenty-four hours. The two that I have chosen to focus on are that of Certain Start and esteeming individuals now. The Certain Start program rose up out of the work authoritiess complete payment reappraisal, set up not long after they came into power in 1997. This included a far reaching site reappraisal of specialists segments each piece great as setting six cross cutting reappraisals one of which included administrations for youthful individuals. ( www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/surestartprogramme ) Certain Start unites Childcare and early guidance, wellbeing and family unit bolster administrations for families with kids under 5 mature ages old enough. It is the premise of the authoritiess drives to embrace youngster destitution and cultural prohibition working with guardians to be, guardians, carers and children to propel the physical, discerning and cultural improvement of darlings and juvenile children so they can blast at place and at school. Certain Start unites administration providers from the legal segment like Health, Social Services and early guidance each piece great as willful, private and network organizations and guardians themselves to flexibly consolidate administrations for youthful children and their family units dependent on what neighborhood kids need and guardians need. ( www.dcsf.gov.uk ) The considerations for Certain Start were created because of the requests and requests of children, guardians and family units. The undermentioned examines the model about where this innovation originated from. The 1998 Green Paper run intoing the kid care challenge is a noteworthy papers that sets out the national youngster care conspire. The reason for the plan is to ensure acceptable quality minimal effort kid consideration for kids matured 0-4 in each region including both proper youngster care and back uping casual understandings by raising the nature of consideration and doing kid care progressively available by expanding topographic focuses and bettering data. In September 2003 Every Child Matters a green paper was distributed for crowd this framed part of the authoritiess reaction to the enquiry attempted into the perish of Victoria Climbie and built up a model for building on the achievement of nearby Sure Start projects to augment preventive administrations by focusing on the cardinal subjects. It expanded the point of convergence on back uping family units and carers guaranting important mediation before kids arrive at emergency point and purposes to shield kids from falling through the net. It will go to the verifiable in occupations recognized in the Victoria Climbie request investigation of powerless answerability and hapless coordinating guaranting that the individuals working with kids are values compensated and prepared. ( www.helensandersonassociates.co.uk ) The green paper other than presented a positive vision of the outcomes it wished to achieve. The five outcomes have been distinguished through crowd with kids, youthful individuals and their families. Those that made a difference most to the children were: To be solid To do a positive part To stay safe To achieve monetary prosperity To luxuriate and achieve This crowd gave clear indorsement to the specialists programs for fanatic and constructive adjustment for the way in which legal, intentional and network based administrations react to recognized requests of children, youthful individuals and their family units. ( Every Child Matters ) In December 2006 the National review office gave an account of Children s Centers recognized a figure of nations for improvement. The interest to make more to put family units with the greatest levels of popularity and do them perceptive of the administrations on offer and help them course the administrations. It recognized that the utilization if solid plans were expected to pass on administrations to those families and progressively should have been improved administrations for male guardians, guardians of children with disablements and for social minorities in nations with littler minority populaces. Progressively needful to be done to in raising the nature of administrations and doing them increasingly pertinent to the requests of solitary guardians, high school guardians and social minorities in nations with enormous minority populaces. ( www.nao.org.uk ) The Certain beginning broadened schools a kid care bunches esteem decent variety and is resolved to ensure that all people are dealt with sensibly with confidence and respect. It perceives the significance of all children to populate in a various, multi social society. It is submitted unnecessarily: Helping ensure that all Sure Start consideration administrations advance cultural incorporation through a positive beginning in juvenile children s lives. They are loosened to all follow too much and execute uniformity and consideration strategies processs and designs. Give fitting, important and available exercises. Flexibly a protected domain and a strong and inviting condition. ( Every Child Matters ) Research illuminates us that better outcomes for kids and their families rely upon coordinating of cosmopolitan administrations with focused and progressively particular guide and on passing on administrations together around the requests of the child and family unit. Youngsters and juvenile individuals will have logically customized consideration from wellbeing administrations in accordance with the measures of segment of Health s National Service model for kids, youthful individuals s and pregnancy administrations perceiving that administration bringing inside the Certain Start program should have been educated by inquire about grounds put together and focussed with respect to quality outcomes for kids and their family units. ( www.helensandersonassociates.co.uk ) The bearing leading group of Sure Start is comprised of neighborhood legal administrations, network organizations, religion gatherings and guardians it dispatched readiness and backing in individual focused assaults, individual focused arranging and to build up the develop of family unit vital way of life programs. Certain Start utilizes an individual focused assault this only methods working in a way that reflects values supporting individual focused arranging. There are other than a figure of reasonable apparatuses called individual focused moved toward that offer an alternate way of earning data about what is of import to individual, what they need for their from this point forward or what bolster they need. This is extremely not the same as normal evaluations. Experts can use individual focused assaults to larn increasingly about the children and family units they support yet in an alternate way. The main intrigue holders of Certain Start are kids younger than 4, the segment of Health and Social administrations and open security, guardians and organizations legal or private network or deliberate that work with speak to or flexibly administrations to kids and their families. An all gathering of MP s have been propelled to safeguard crafted by Certain beginning children s benefits inside parliament. The move is bit of a more extensive run by Children got Shout Out For A Sure Start, which is supported by Children A ; Young People Now and expects to propel crafted by Centers among family units each piece great as part great example. ( www.cypnow.co.uk ) Similarly as with any new idea there are all around hierarchical derivations that come manus in manus as there are with the Sure Start administration a portion of these are: Certain Start takes clasp and assets to create and drag out. Difficulties authoritative human progress and examples. Parental commitment in assurance conceiving plants in a figure of ways. Completely award supported program To drag out it at that spot will require to be committed assets and devoted staff. Approachs to parental commitment request to be inserted in design at each period of administration plan and bringing. Approaches should be ventured, adaptable, antiphonal assorted and on voyaging. ( www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media//Report2_09_Lessons_from_Sure_Start.rtf ) The Sure Start administration requires proficient individuals from staff that are prepared and knowing to help achieve their finishes. As a Social Worker working inside this scene you would require to hold cognizance of the capacity of children s administrations perception of the neighborhood, foundation of nearby inhabitants, schools and other significant administrations for the nation. You would require to be conscious of the data sharing conventions and the limits around privacy. Information on the most proficient method to ensure your ain individual security. The limitations and limits of your capacity with the goal that referrals can be made at the suitable clasp. ( hypertext move convention:/www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/earlyyears/surestart/thesurestartprinciples/standards/) The achievements the Social Worker would require travel manus in manus with the comprehension that is required. The Skills required is work delicately proactively and steadily with families in contesting fortunes. To have the option to move as an advocator for the family unit and to catch up undertakings raised both with families and different authorities. Have the option to think about basically your example and go about as an advocator to ensure safe example and occurrence trouble course. Have the option to advance and steer guardians/carers to collaborate decidedly with their children. The use of useful direction achievements would be acceptable and the interest to have the option to pass on and arraign great with family units an

Lab Report Of The Cells :: essays research papers

Presentation: The Cell, the essential basic unit of every living life form. A few cells are finished life forms, for example, the unicellular microorganisms and protozoa, others, for example, nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specific parts of multicellular life forms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t have the option to live or work accurately. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class a few days ago we contemplated the Animal Cell. We were part into gatherings of our own and we each picked an alternate creature cell slide to watch. My gathering picked the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';. Â Â Â Â Â The Animal Cell is somewhat not the same as the Plant Cell for just two or three reasons. One is the means by which the Plant Cell has a cell divider and the Animal Cell doesn’t. The cell divider ensures and offers structure to the cell. At that point there is the Nucleus, which fills in as a control place for the cell. Inside the Nucleus there are at least one Nucleoli. They are thick, granular bodies that vanish toward the start of cell division and return toward the end. At that point you have the Cytoplasm. This is the watery material existing in the cell between the cell film and the core. The Cytoplasm additionally contains organelles, which have explicit capacities in the cell digestion. At that point there are the Golgi Bodies, which fill in as preparing, bundling, and capacity for the phone. These organelles bundle and boat things out. Another pieces of the cell, a significant one actually, are the Lysosomes. These organelles are utilized to separate things and contain catalysts. Technique: First we set the slide under the basic magnifying lens and watched it at multiple times amplification level. We each alternated looking. We at that point replicated them as drawings into our Cornell note pads. After that we changed the amplification to multiple times and watched the slide. We each alternated looking. We at that point duplicated what we saw into our Cornell note pads. After that we changed the amplification level to multiple times and we each alternated taking a gander at the slide. We at that point replicated what we saw into our Cornell note pads and plunked down together. At the point when we were completely done drawing we talked about what we seen and gave each other thoughts on the best way to compose our Lab Reports. End: Taking everything into account I have seen that without cells we wouldn’t have the option to work or neither without cell hypothesis since we would not realize how to treat our body or our cells.

Confucius Lived In An Era - Free Essay Example

A philosopher, political figure, teacher, and forefather of the Ru School of Chinese thought, Confucius, also named Master Kong, was a fifth-century BCE Chinese thinker who influenced all of East Asia as becoming a culturally symbolic figure. Born in the city of Lu, present-day Qufu, in 551 BCE-479 BCE, Confucius was raised by a single mother. Growing up, Confucius lived his life with a broad set of competencies. He studied music and history, also, learned hunting, fishing, and archery (Arnold). Confucius grew to become a well- known philosopher whose teachings were recorded and persevered in a text called the Analects (a collection of his sayings). He formed the foundation of how the ideal human should be education and compassion for ones community and should live life in order to seek self-development, through important virtues, Jen and Li. Unpretentiously, Confucius states that he loves to learn and is a transmitter of wisdom from the ancient past ( Riegal, Confucius). He sees himself as a regular individual. Furthermore, Confucius lived in an era where the political frenzy in the government left society corrupt. Confucius believed that chaos and disorder were caused by the mistreatment and abuse of propriety. The time was one of political dissolution in which the unity of the Chou dynasty was eroded and small state conflict was dominant (Arnold, Confucius, and Confucianism). He ventured a life-long practice to restore the value of customs and to broadcast the rules of morality. In order to do so, one must set out to restore the community in which they live in and educate themselves to be a better human being. Confucius is shown using his method as he began his career as a teacher in his 20s. His teachings included history, poetry, divination, government, ethics, and music. From then on out, he became one of the greatest teachers of history. Later on in his career, he sought to be in public office. He started as a chief justice of the town of Chung-Tu. At the age of fifty, he worked as the post assistant administrator of public works and next transitioning as the Minster of Crime in Lu. After being forced to retire, due to jealousy, for the next twelve to thirteen years he sought after a new position with his faithful disciples by his side. Eventually, he found a new position and worked as an advisor for the Duke of Ai. By the age of seventy-three, Confucius had died, but his teachings had spread throughout East Asia and Chinese culture. To continue, the value of education plays a very important role in the philosophy of Confucianism. A man who educates themselves severs as a better contribution to society, therefore ties into the fact that one can better the community and prosper in self-development. Education aids as a key to self-development to eventually become a better civil servant to society. When a society is uneducated, the fundamental quality of peoples spirits and mood breaks down. Thus concludes with people becoming full of hate, uncaring, disrespectful and chaos can spread like a disease throughout the community. Confucianism is categorized as a system of social and ethical philosophy. Confucius stray away from this philosophy being named a religion. He doesnt refer to gods of any kind, or the concept of Heaven or Hell, nor the idea of reincarnation, compared to other religions. Nonetheless, Confucius was careful to instruct his students to never neglect or disrespect the offering due in heaven, and the Gods of other religions. Although he did not believe in them, he still gave them the utmost respect. Confucius focuses more on the changing of oneself by self-development, and from that, can improve the world in a better way. The goal of this philosophy is to alter into a better human, seeking harmony with nature, and involves cultivating a sense of ritual and becoming an educated man. Moreover, Confucianism has two virtues which can benefit from becoming the ultimate goal of Confucian: the superior man. Confucianism has a set of virtues one must follow Li and Jen. Li is described as social respectability and is the greatest principle of living. Li may also be specified as the middle way in all things. If and when a community lives by Li it runs easily and will prosper into a better community, filled with the better education system, a lower poverty and crime rate, and a stable and trustworthy government. Li is also demonstrated by the Five Relationships: magnanimity in our rulers, devotion in ministers and subjects, compassionate consideration in our elders, benevolence for our fathers, moral behavior in the husband, submission in the wife, courtesy of the eldest brother, respect in the younger, and admiration in juniors and loving goodness in the son. Some examples of Li would be using proper manners at a meal, having a certain respect for those who are older than you, and greeting someone in higher power with a bow. Jen is defined as altruism or Shu. This is helping others for merely the fact that you are helping and not to gain anything for ourselves. Jen is involving empathy, conscientiousness, selflessness. An example of Jen is living life with human-heartedness doing nice things out of the goodness of your heart rather than expecting something in return.

Lifestyle Declaration in the Armed Services - 763 Words

In 1993 President Bill Clinton signed a law that set the policy of â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue, and don’t harass† when dealing with homosexuals serving in the Armed Services. The policy was a compromise to allow homosexuals to legally serve in the military as long as they did not declare their lifestyle or engage in conduct that was in violation of military good order and discipline. Supporters viewed the law as a step forward in achieving equal rights for homosexuals. Opponents remained concerned that the policy could jeopardize morale and unit effectiveness. â€Å"The Joint Chiefs, including the chairman, had all came out against the president on gays serving in the military† (Gates 440). Over time the military was able to adapt to the new policy and restore force readiness. In 2010 the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy was repealed and homosexuals were given the opportunity to openly serve in the milita ry. The Joint Chiefs once again objected and questioned the timing of the change. Many believe the repeal was politically motivated and a bad idea that would add additional disruption to an already strained fighting force. Every new service member must go through Basic Training for up to 12 weeks depending on the branch of service. The purpose of Basic Training is to indoctrinate the new service member into the ways of military life. New service members are taught to work as a group and set aside their individual thoughts and ideas. Strict obedience to military standardsShow MoreRelatedWar : The War Of American Citizens, And For The Security Of The American Republic1679 Words   |  7 Pagesalliances, imperialism and most importantly pride were the reasons of the start of WWI. A pride for my country not much different than mine when I was eighteen, a pride called nationalism. This pride played a factor that eventually brought young American armed forces to Europe. 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From the day we are born we are categorized either a male...

From the day we are born we are categorized either a male or female. From that day onward society molds, and shapes us into what it means to be a man or women. Aaron Devor’s â€Å"Becoming Members of society: Learning The Social Meanings of Gender† discusses the formation of gender roles. Devor talks about how quickly children develop, and placed into their gender group.He also discusses about the gender role behaviors and attitudes . In Jamaica Kincaid’s ,†Girl†, Kincaid focussed on her relationship with her mother, mainly on the expectations her mother had for her. From the personal observations, examples from Devor and Kincaid’s passages, I see that gender roles are not rooted into our biology, but formed from expectations from society.†¦show more content†¦How we learn and interacted with gender as a young child directly influences how we view the world today. We are not born wanting to wear skirts or jeans, but we are taught at a young age by society that there is a right and wrong way to be someone. Many people may call my aunt stern for not allowing my cousin to wear jeans. But if my cousin was a guy ,and if the jean was a skirt, most people would understand my aunt for her actions. Men are expected to be rough, tough, emotionless, insensitive, and fearless. Devor says â€Å"North American society reserves highly valued attributes for males and actively supports the high evaluation of any characteristics which might inadvertently become associated with maleness.† Unlike males, females in general have a tendency to be less aggressive than males. 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Treatment Of Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Treatment Of Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris? Answer: Introduction Arteriosclerosis is the condition leading to hardening of the arterial wall and restriction of the blood flow to different organs and tissues (Kuro-o, 2017). In contrast, atherosclerosis is a condition which leads to narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup on the artery walls. Atherosclerosis can be regarded as a form of arteriosclerosis where elasticity of arteries are lost due to deposition of fatty plaques and other substance on the artery walls (Stone et al., 2014). The main pathophysiological difference between both the conditions is related to narrowing and hardening of arterial walls in respective conditions. NSTEMI (Non-segmented elevation myocardial infarction) and STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) are two common types of heart attacks where difference is found on the nature of waves detected in electrocardiogram (ECG) (Fanaroff et al., 2016). The difference in ECG characteristics for NSTEMI and STEMI are as follows: Depressed ST wave is found in NSTEMI and in STEMI, elevated ST waves are formed. No progression to Q wave is seen in NSTEMI, however progression to Q wave is seen STEMI condition The ECG characteristics of NSTEMI shows partial blockage of the coronary artery and in case of STEMI, full blockage in the coronary artery is found (Fanaroff et al., 2016). NSTEMI is the least commonly occurring heart attack compared to STEMI (McManus et al., 2011). Angina pectoris is a clinical term given for chest pain in patients with coronary heart disease. It occurs due to blockage of arteries and lack of appropriate blood flow to the heart muscle (Tarkin Kaski, 2013). The main difference between signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris are as follows: Angina pectoris consists of many types such as stable angina, unstable angina, microvascular angina and Prinzmetals angina (Iqbal et al., 2016). In contrast, myocardial infarction consists of two types including NSTEMI and STEMI (Ludka et al., 2015). The main problem or sign in case of angina pectoris is intermittent chest pain (Katzung Chatterjee, 2012) and the main problem in myocardial infarction is tightness in the chest (Canto et al., 2012). The difference in symptoms of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris is that in case of angina pectoris, patients have pressing chest pain in the left side (Katzung Chatterjee, 2012). In myocardial infarction, the crushing chest pain is on the lower sternum (Canto et al., 2012). Preload and afterload are two terms used in cardiac physiology. Preload or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is the end-diastolic volume found at the end of diastole. In contrast, afterload or systemic vascular resistance is the amount of resistance needed by heart to push the blood into systemic circulation. Preload is an event that occurs after the end of diastole whereas afterload is a condition that occurs during systole (Lao et al., 2015). One long term effect of hypertension includes increase in risk of stroke due to weakening of the arterial walls and blood vessels. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease occurs in patient with high blood pressure due to increase in pressure of blood flowing through the arteries. It damages the inner lining of the arterial walls (Mahmood et al., 2014). Hence, elasticity of arterial wall is lost creating conditions for development of stroke or other cardiovascular disease. Irregular blood flow to the heart due to narrowing down of arteries leads to chest pain and heart attack in patients (Dawber, Moore Mann, 2015). The artrioventricular node abnormalities are defined as the abnormalities in atrioventricular node leading to interruptions in the electrical conduction from atria to the ventricles (Temple et al., 2016). There are three degrees of atrioventricular blocks which are as follows: First degree block: It results in elongation of PR intervals and delay in atrial impulse. Here PR interval excess by 0.20 seconds Second degree block: It is associated with single non conduction of P wave or repetition of non conduction after PR interval Third degree block: No AV conduction occurs and atrial and ventricular impulses are not synchronous with each other (Luik et al., 2016). The main difference between left sided and right sides heart failure are as follows: In case of left sided heart failure, straining of left ventricle muscles is the reason for heart attack (Rosenkranz et al., 2015). However, in case of right sided heart failure, straining of the right ventricle is the main cause of heart attack (Melenovsky et al., 2014). Left sided failure is associated with severe breathlessness, anxiety, sweating and frothy sputum in cough (Rosenkranz et al., 2015). In case of right sided heart failure, nausea, vomiting, oedema and abdominal pain are the main symptoms (Melenovsky et al., 2014). Drug card for Nitroglycerin: Classification: Anti-anginal and nitrates Pharmacology and actions: It is a vasodilator, hence used for dilating coronary arteries and reducing preload and afterload. It also minimizes the myocardial oxygen demand. Indications: Oral and transdermal mainly used for acute angina and IV used for treatment of acute myocardial infarction Contraindications: Used cautiously when suffering from hypersensitivity, severe anemia, liver impairment, hypovolemia and patients with alcohol intolerance Precautions and side effects: Dizziness, weakness, hypotension and dry mouths are side effects of drugs. Interactions: It has interaction with nitrates in any form Administration: IV dose must be diluted in glass bottles. It must be diluted in 0.9% NaCl and in case of using in concentrated form, it must not exceed 400 mcg/ml. Use topically too. Consideration for drug use: Patients must be instructed about dosage and gradual reduction in dose instead of abrupt discontinuation of drug. Patient must be advised to change position slowly and report about any adverse side effects of the drug (Vallerand, Sanoski Deglin, 2016). Drug card for Digoxin (Lanoxin) Classification: Antiarrhythmics, inotropics Pharmacology and actions: It increased cardiac output by prolonging refractory period of AV node and increasing myocardial contraction. Indications: It is used for treatment of heart failure and atrial tachycardia Contraindications: Contraindicated in AV block, alcohol intolerance and uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmias. Precautions and side effects: Fatigue, weakness, blurred vision, arrhthymias and vomiting are some of the side effect of the drugs. Interactions: It has interaction with thiazide and loop diuretics, beta blockers and thyroid hormones Administration: The dose may vary for children of different age and adults. The dose also differs based on use for inotropic effect and atrial arrhythmias. Consideration for drug use: Apical pulse should be monitored before administration and consider use of digoxin at different heart rates for children (Vallerand, Sanoski Deglin, 2016). Reference Canto, J. G., Rogers, W. J., Goldberg, R. J., Peterson, E. D., Wenger, N. K., Vaccarino, V., ... NRMI Investigators. (2012). Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality.Jama,307(8), 813-822. Dawber, T. R., Moore, F. E., Mann, G. V. (2015). II. Coronary heart disease in the Framingham study.International journal of epidemiology,44(6), 1767-1780. Fanaroff, A. C., Navar, A. M., Clare, R., Lokhnygina, Y., Roe, M., Giugliano, R., ... Blazing, M. (2016). Association of Type of Presentation, STEMI vs NSTEMI/UA, With the Relative Long-Term Incidence of Cardiovascular and Non-Cardiovascular Mortality. Iqbal, M. N., Ashraf, A., Muhammad, A., Alam, S., Xiao, S., Ali, S., Irfan, M. (2016). Prevalence of Angina Pectoris in relation to various risk factors.PSM Biological Research,1(1), 6-10. Katzung, B. G., Chatterjee, K. (2012). Vasodilators and the treatment of angina pectoris.Basic and clinical pharmacology,7, 20-25. Kuro-o, M. (2017). Development of identification and the new treatment of the novel therapeutic target of arteriosclerosis.Impact,2017(6), 53-55. Lao, Y., Ji, H., Huang, Y., Liang, J., Huang, Y., Li, Y., ... Huang, Z. (2015, October). Effects of preload, after-load and myocardial contractility on pressure-volume loop of the cardiovascular system model. InBiomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), 2015 8th International Conference on(pp. 291-295). IEEE. Ludka, O., Stepanova, R., Sedova, P., Kara, T., Spinar, J. (2015). Long term prognosis of patients with different types of myocardial infarction (nstemi and Stemi) with similar left ventricular systolic function and moderate to severe sleep apnea: Supported by European Regional Development Fund-Project Fnusa-icrc (no. Cz. 1.05/1.1. 00/02.0123).European Journal of Heart Failure,17, 436. Luik, A., Mignanelli, L., Kroschel, K., Schmitt, C., Rembe, C., Scalise, L. (2016). Laser Doppler vibrometry as a noncontact method to detect various degrees of atrioventricular block: A feasibility study.Future cardiology,12(3), 269-279. Mahmood, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., Wang, T. J. (2014). The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective.The Lancet,383(9921), 999-1008. McManus, D. D., Gore, J., Yarzebski, J., Spencer, F., Lessard, D., Goldberg, R. J. (2011). Recent trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of patients with STEMI and NSTEMI.The American journal of medicine,124(1), 40-47. Melenovsky, V., Hwang, S. J., Lin, G., Redfield, M. M., Borlaug, B. A. (2014). Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.European heart journal,35(48), 3452-3462. Rosenkranz, S., Gibbs, J. S. R., Wachter, R., De Marco, T., Vonk-Noordegraaf, A., Vachiery, J. L. (2015). Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.European heart journal,37(12), 942-954. Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Merz, C. N. B., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., ... McBride, P. (2014). 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(25 Part B), 2889-2934. Tarkin, J. M., Kaski, J. C. (2013). Pharmacological treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris.Clinical medicine,13(1), 63-70. Temple, I. P., Logantha, S. J. R., Absi, M., Zhang, Y., Pervolaraki, E., Yanni, J., ... Drinkhill, M. (2016). Atrioventricular node dysfunction and ion channel transcriptome in pulmonary hypertension.Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology,9(12), e003432. Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A., Deglin, J. H. (2016).Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses. FA Davis.

Sociolinguistics free essay sample

It is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistic feature, e. g. the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociolinguistics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Major dialects are typically demarcated by whole bundles of isoglosses, e. g. the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages; or the La Spezia-Rimini Line which divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central ones. One of the most well-known isoglosses is the Centum-Satem isogloss. A major isogloss in American English has been identified as the North-Midland isogloss, which demarcates numerous linguistic features, including the Northern Cities vowel shift, the isogloss separates rather than connects points of equal language. An isogloss refers to a specific type of language border. It is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistic feature, e. g. the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature. Major dialects are typically demarcated by whole bundles of isoglosses, e. . the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages; or the La Spezia-Rimini Line which divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central ones. One of the most well-known isoglosses is the Centum-Satem isogloss. 1. In DIALECT geography, an area within which a feature is used predominantly or exclusively. Such a feature (phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, lexical, or other) usually contras ts with some similar feature in adjoining areas. Thus, some native speakers of English pronounce /r/ after a vowel, as in barn, hard, car, while others do not: in the US this postvocalic /r/ is normally present in the Chicago area but absent in the Boston area. Such distinct areas are isoglosses. 2. More commonly, the line on a dialect map which bounds the area of a certain usage. In England, an isogloss that stretches from the mouth of the Severn to Portsmouth separates the area of initial spoken /v/ from that of /f/, as in vinger/finger, Vriday/Friday, the v-forms being south-west of the line. No two isoglosses coincide exactly; there is always a transition area of partial overlapping. Social dialect: Another important axis of differentiation is that of social strata. In many localities, dialectal differences are connected with social classes, educational levels, or both. More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region is better preserved in the speech of the lower and less-educated classes. In large urban centres, innovations unknown in the former dialect of the region frequently develop. Thus, in cities the social stratification of dialects is especially relevant and far-reaching, whereas in rural areas, with a conservative way of life, the traditional geographic dialectal differentiation prevails. Educational differences between speakers strongly affect the extent of their vocabulary. In addition, practically every profession has its own expressions, which include the technical terminology and sometimes also the casual words or idioms peculiar to the group. Slang too is characterized mainly by a specific vocabulary and is much more flexible than an ordinary dialect, as it is subject to fashion and depends strongly on the speaker’s age group. Slang—just as a professional dialect—is used mainly by persons who are in a sense bidialectal; i. e. , they speak some other dialect or the standard language, in addition to slang. Dialectal differences also often run parallel with the religious or racial division of the population. Regional dialect: A speech pattern that alerts the listener that you are from a specific region within the United States. It may include non-standard pronunciation, grammar, resonance, pitch, rate of speech, and differences in vocabulary. A few examples of regional dialects include the New York and Southern American dialects. A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a nation state, whether it be a small area, a federal state or province, or some wider area. Usually applies to the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation characteristic of specific geographic localities or social classes. The vernacular is the informal everyday language spoken by a people. A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation, the term accent is appropriate, not dialect (although in common usage, dialect and accent are usually synonymous). A regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional names which mark them out as being significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place. Some examples are Hillbilly English (from the Appalachians in the USA) and Geordie (from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK). A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. As it is usually the form promoted in schools and the media, it is usually considered by speakers of the language to be more correct in some sense than other dialects. Usually, but not always, based on the tongue of a capital city, a standard language is defined by the selection of certain regional and class markers, and the rejection of others. This is the version of a language that is typically taught to learners of the language as a foreign language, and most texts written in that language follow its spelling and grammar norms. standard written language is sometimes termed by the German word Schriftsprache A Standard languages arise when a certain dialect begins to be used in written form, normally throughout a broader area than that of the dialect itself. The ways in which this language is used—e. g. , in administrative matters, literature, and economic life—lead to the minimization of linguistic variation. The social prestige attached to the speech of the richest, most powerful, and most highly educated members of a society transforms their language into a model for others; it also contributes to the elimination of deviating linguistic forms. Dictionaries and grammars help to stabilize linguistic norms, as do the activity of scholarly institutions and, sometimes, governmental intervention. The base dialect for a country’s standard language is very often the original dialect of the capital and its environs—in France, Paris; in England, London; in Russia, Moscow. Or the base may be a strong economic and cultural centre—in Italy, Florence. Or the language may be a combination of several regional dialects, as are German and Polish. Even a standard language that was originally based on one local dialect changes, however, as elements of other dialects infiltrate into it over the years. The actual development in any one linguistic area depends on historical events. Sometimes even the distribution of standard languages may not correspond to the dialectal situation. Dutch and Flemish dialects are a part of the Low German dialectal area, which embraces all of northern Germany, as well as The Netherlands and part of Belgium. In one part of the dialectal area, however, the standard language is based on High German, and in the other part the standard language is Dutch or Flemish, depending on the nationality of the respective populations. In the United States, where there is no clearly dominant political or cultural centre—such as London or Paris—and where the territory is enormous, the so-called standard language shows perceptible regional variations in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. All standard languages are in any case spoken in a variety of accents, though sometimes one particular accent (e. g. Received Pronunciation in Britain) may be most closely associated with the standard because of its shared social or educational origins. In most developed countries, the majority of the population has an active (speaking, writing) or at least passive (understanding) command of the standard language. Very often the rural population, and not uncommonly the lower social strata of the urban p opulation as well, are in reality bidialectal. They speak their maternal dialect at home and with friends and acquaintances in casual contacts, and they use the standard language in more formal situations. Even the educated urban population in some regions uses the so-called colloquial language informally. In the German-, Czech-, and Slovene-speaking areas of middle Europe, for example, a basically regional dialect from which the most striking local features have been eliminated is spoken. The use of this type of language is supported by psychological factors, such as feelings of solidarity with a certain region and pride in its traditions or the relaxed mood connected with informal behaviour. . Code-switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilinguals, people who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety. Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language interference). Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when two or more speakers who do not speak a common language form an intermediate, third language. On the other hand, speakers practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages. Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-switching and code-mixing varies. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while others apply code-mixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of said language-contact phenomena, and code-switching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons. In the 1940s and the 1950s many scholars called code-switching a sub-standard language usage. Since the 1980s, however, most scholars have recognized it is a normal, natural product of bilingual and multilingual language use. In popular usage outside the field of linguistics the term code-switching is sometimes used to refer to relatively stable informal mixtures of two languages, such as Spanglish or Franponais, or to refer to dialect or style-shifting, such as that practiced by speakers of African American Vernacular English as they move from less formal to more formal settings. Code-switching refers to alternating between one or more languages or dialects. It also occurs within a particular language. We use different forms of expression depending on the person we are speaking to and where we are speaking to that person. There are different degrees of formality and informality. Many times in English there is more than one way of pronouncing. Some people whose first language is English decide how they are going to speak by the context within which they are speaking. Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternating between one or more languages or dialects. Code-switching is the practice of moving between variations of languages in different contexts. This article explains the history of code-switching, explores important literature on the subject, and discusses approaches to language response in the classroom. Code-switching is the practice of moving between variations of languages in different contexts. Everyone who speaks has learned to code-switch depending on the situation and setting. In an educational context, code-switching is defined as the practice of switching between a primary and a secondary language or discourse. In a diglossic situation, some topics and situations are better suited to one language over another. Joshua Fishman proposes a domain-specific code-switching model (later refined by Blom and Gumperz) wherein bilingual speakers choose which code to speak depending on where they are and what they are discussing. For example, a child who is a bilingual Spanish-English speaker might speak Spanish at home and English in class, but Spanish at recess. Code switching refers to the switching between two or more different languages in a single conversation. This occurs when a bilingual person uses both languages to communicate with another person. It happens consciously as well as sub-consciously. In most cases both the people in the conversation are conversant with both languages. The switch from one language to the other can last for a single phrase to a few sentences. The switch is made mainly due to the mood of the speaker or he/she might feel that a particular part of the conversation can be best conveyed by switching to another language. The switch might also happen because the person does not know the appropriate word or phrase in a particular language. Code switching happens very often in ethnic minority communities in different countries. E. g. It is prevalent in the Indian and Hispanic communities in the United States. Pidgin is often confused with code switching but it differs because it refers to the mixing up of two different languages in a single word. In 1977, Carol Myers-Scotton and William Ury identified code-switching as the â€Å"use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation or interaction. † Scholars use different names for various types of code-switching. Citation needed] Intersentential switching occurs outside the sentence or the clause level (i. e. at sentence or clause boundaries). Intra-sentential switching occurs within a sentence or a clause. Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both, from language-B to language-A, (common intra-sentential switches). Intra-word switching occurs within a word, itself, such as at a morpheme boundary. Patois is any language t hat is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. It can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects, and other forms of native or local speech, but not commonly to jargon or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant. Class distinctions are embedded in the term, drawn between those who speak patois and those who speak the standard or dominant language used in literature and public speaking, They are synonymous, but patois implies that it is the dialect of a region or a group (such as thieves), differing in various respects from the standard language of the country. — ORIGIN French, ‘rough speech’. The slang or informal speech used by a particular social

Organizational Behavior and Concepts

Organizational Behavior and Concepts Organizational Culture and behavior Culture and behavior of an organization tend to have a similar meaning and are very important in determining the way the operations of an organization are carried out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concept is essentially concerned with the way employees of an organization think, hence become so crucial in understanding how their performance can be increased, make it cost effective, and ensure that their services are well utilized in the organization. For one to comprehend the meaning of the above statement, one should first of all have an understanding of what the term culture entail (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2005). This term implies the customs and beliefs that are followed by a certain group of people who live together. For instance, every ethnic group has specific values that it upholds and maintains from generation to generation and must be respected. So, when it comes to an organization the same meaning applies whereby there are specific stipulations and codes of conduct that each and every staff is bound to respect without any compromise. This implies that each and every employee is supposed to behave within these stipulations. Organizational cultures can further be categorized by use of a pyramid whereby the lowest part illustrates the artifacts and behaviors which are most concrete of all cultures hence describe more about an organization. The other category comprises of the values which are responsible for controlling suppositions and conduct of the personnel. The last and top most section shows the hypothesis and principles which form the most essential part of this pyramid and are very abstract. They are the hardest aspects to inculcate into the employees mind, but once they are assimilated they influence greatly how the staff follows the other elements of culture (Robb ins Judge, 2010). Organizational behaviors on the other hand have some link with culture due to the fact that the later determines the kind of behaviors to be adopted in an organization. Organizational behaviors involve the kind of conduct that is followed by employees in organization. It forms a very basic and crucial aspect that needs to be put into consideration within the organization. The kinds of behaviors that are exhibited by the staff of business are influenced by the standards that are set by the organization. This means the behaviors of employees is limited to the expectations of the firm. The importance of knowing about organizational behaviors is to help organizations come into terms with the conduct of their human resource and learn how to mould the behaviors into what they want and is best for the business (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational Diversity Diversity has become a common scenario in the society since it touches on very many areas of people’s lives such as on the nationality, educational levels, social status and many other elements that have varied characteristics. All these aspects have had a diversified nature hence making organizations to put this into consideration since it is now obvious that they must cater for all these differences. It has become a hard task for organizations to offer employment to people in a manner that ensures equitable distribution of the opportunities to all the people in a particular area so as to meet the needs of all the individuals in the society. This therefore demands that the organizations in the present time should be ready to accept and adapt to the dynamic society that is there nowadays. For an organization to be perceived wholesome it must be at a point of having diversified team of members and at the same time should be of fering goods and services that meet the needs of all kind of people in the society. This has led to a great change in the operation of many organizations whereby they have put in place mechanisms that enable businesses to cater for the wide range of people that have come up. In typical organizations, the Information Communication Systems such as computers and the Internet have enabled managers to diversify the operations of their organization due to the fact that there is timely and accurate information. Organizational Communication For an organization to have a smooth running of its operations, it must have a good communication system. Organizational communication is viewed as the freedom to convey information between the executives and the staff which facilitates better performance. This helps the members of an organization to have a good correlation. This happens by selecting communication skills that are able to cut across the different class of people within the organization. P roper communication systems in organizations have led to many positive changes which can be described by the rapid growth of a company. Communication has enabled organizations to become more innovative and has also streamlined the mode of management. Effective communication has also enabled businesses to meet the international levels of standard since they can be able to interact on a global platform. Organizational communication has been facilitated by the advancement of technology that has made the world to seen as a global village. This has widened the organizational scope hence improving the operations and quality of work that is done by businesses (Miner, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics Business ethics refers to the conduct that organizations are bound to follow as it executes its day to day operations with the society and the environment in general. Each and every business has its own kind of ethics that define how it carries out its deals, which does not only involve how it relate with the large population but also on the individual consumers and parties that are associated with it. Business ethics have come in handy, more specifically on the kind of status it acquires. In the current world most of the legitimate organizations have moved from the era of being profit oriented to an era of minding the rapport they have with the customers and the world at large. The survival of many organizations in the present world has been sustained by the kind of ethics they possess (Miner, 2007). Change management Organizations have the role of offering goods and services to the consumers and also the duty of carrying out changes that are relevant for the company’s development. Change management refers to the way an organization carries out important amendments in a manner that depicts order and effecti veness (Robbins Judge, 2010). Every organization has to implement any change that is deemed relevant so as to remain competitive and within the stipulated requirements. For instance, when an organization decides to change its network system, say from local area network (LAN) to a virtual local area network (VLAN), it must consider all the costs and benefits associated with the change, among other factors. There is need to inform all the parties involved in the change, thus appropriate strategies must be documented and implemented with the aim of making such changes feasible. References Miner, J. (2007).Organizational Behavior: From Theory to Practice, Behavior. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Robbins, J. Judge, T. (2010). Organizational Behavior, My Management Lab Series. (14th Ed.) Chicago: Prentice Hall. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N. (2005). Organizational Behavior. (9th Ed.). Chicago: Wiley Publishers.

Business Plan (Financial Part) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan (Financial Part) - Essay Example These are powerful tools since these would contain a summary of the services that the office would render. With this plan, the owner budgeted for the design and production of the materials on a quarterly basis. An agency will be outsourced to fulfill this requirement. CFL would also be utilizing Search Engine Optimization, thus the budget to be allocated for the creation and hosting of its website. The creation of a web site would only be one-time and any change to the website would essentially be just minor ones and would not entail too much costs. Print ads would also be produced to support the above-mentioned marketing plans and also to reach the market who are heavy users of this medium. A monthly print advertisement shall be implemented in two major dailies in Cyprus. The budgetary requirements have been spread all throughout the first year of operations to be able to determine the needed cash flow. Targets on the number of needed accounts to cover for all operational costs have also been determined. These targets must be adhered to by the account managers to ensure smooth operations of the company. The 50,000 pounds start-up capital shall not be used up 100% for the first month, but instead, only 25% of which shall be spent on the perceived operational requirements./The rest shall be treated as savings and would only be used as needed. The cash flow has been planned to ensure that the projected income shall cover for the projected costs. The targeted number of projects and clients has been identified for the rest of the operational year. This is to ensure that all operational costs shall be covered for and that there would be as little deficit as can be should the plans do not materialize. The budget requirements are definitely lower than the projected income. The company plans to adhere to this budget plan to ensure that the office, at the very least, breaks even. However, as such a business is bound to

Individual Clinical Experience Case Description Essay

Individual Clinical Experience Case Description - Essay Example One of the condition that was important in developing my identity as an emergency department nurse was when I received a patient who was vomiting, chest pain and nausea, I got a family note that notified that this patient was suffering from stroke. The nurse who was responsible for this patient had over 20years of experience but failed to attend to him. I tried to see how I could help. After carrying out assessment on the patient I did not notice symptoms of stroke such as facial dropping. Therefore, I ignored the assertions made by my fellow nurse and thought that the patient was just suffering from chest pain. Later I realized that my patient speaking displayed significant change from the ration of 4:1 to the ratio of 3:1. After the Magnetic resonance Imaging was carried, I realized that the patient had some symptoms of stroke. This experience changed my emotionally and professional thinking. It helped me not just assume that a patient is suffering from a certain medical condition such as stroke but it also enabled me to realize the importance carryout out physical examination to ascertain the presence of a given medical condition.   Further this experience provided me with varied skills and abilities to deal with not only patients with stroke but also patients with other emergency conditions. The experience also enabled me to learn how I could interact with patients with critical conditions such as asthma and heart attack. Further, it enabled me know how to relate with my fellow staffs.

Reading More Books Essay Example for Free

Reading More Books Essay How to encourage your children to read more books Ten great ways to develop your children’s desire to read book By Chris Barnardo Reading is great for both you and your children and is a fantastic form of relaxation and escapism. Reading books helps your children develop their language skill, extend their vocabulary and their understanding of the world. Your children’s spelling and writing skills are also improved by regular reading. Reading can be especially helpful to your children when they are going through difficult times in their lives, such as the separation of parents,  starting a new school, the death of a loved one, bullying, or puberty. A good book gives them a mental place to go where the day to day worries aren’t so ever present, it gives them new people to meet and gets them involved in other people’s stories. Reading develops your children’s creativity. It’s better than the television, because when children get involved in the book they are reading, they imagine the characters and scenes, which paint all kinds of Fill your house with books and give your kids their own bookshelf This is especially important if they don’t live with  you, because any way you can make your place feel like their home, is good, and having their own favourite books in a special place is perfect. Read to your children Set up a routine of a bedtime story or chapter from their book. Bedtime reading is a great routine to get into because it is a perfect relaxing bridge between the excitement of the day and sleep. It is also a special time for you to be together without the stresses and hassles of the day, a time when all is clam and you are just having fun together. However, don’t restrict yourself to bedtimes,  read to them whenever the opportunity presents itself. Read them funny or interesting stories from the newspaper when you spot them, save and read out a funny or moving poem before you eat a meal together; get them to read their homework out loud to you when they have done it. Page 1 of 2 wonderful images in their minds, in a far more interactive and satisfying way than television can ever do. reading encourages your child to be creative and think for themselves. So, everyone knows how good reading is for their children, but how do you encourage them to read, or read more. Here are ten top tips to get you started and get your children reading books. Listen to audio books in the car on longer journeys Audio books make every long journey an adventure in itself. If the story is good and the narration is well done, the journey will flash by and when you reach your destination you may even find yourselves wanting to stay in the car to hear the end of the story. They can be expensive, but most stories will bear repeated listening and the library lend out audio books for free. Don’t be a book snob Children are inspired to read by all kinds of  different books, graphic novels, magazines, web blogs, manuals, science fiction, or teenage romance for example. Let them get interested in reading in whatever form that takes to start with, once they get into the habit of reading this will expand to take in a wider and wider choice of material over time as their friends introduce them to new books and ideas.  © C. Barnardo dadcando 2008 How to encourage your children to read more books Talk though the story when you read it Chat about the characters in the story. If it is a novel then talking about the main character’s  motivations, asking what your children think the characters are going to do next, or what is going to happen in the story, all add weight to the experience of reading. Ask questions about the writer’s style, or the way the writer describes the scenes will help your children get the most out of the story and will help them in a very subtle (but powerful) way with their own written schoolwork and homework assignments. Discussing stories and listening to what your children have to say about the characters and the situations they encounter in the book will tell you a lot about  what your child is thinking, and help you understand them better. At weekends or on holidays make a treat of getting magazines Magazines have short articles about things they like, horses, cars, fashion, gossip, TV soaps, toys, console games, and popular science for example. If they really like a particular magazine then consider buying a subscription to it for them as a birthday (or other special occasion) present. Give books as gifts Take the trouble to go to the bookshop at the weekend or browse the second hand book shop for interesting titles and involve your children in  choosing the best book as a gift. When giving a book, especially to your children, always write their name and the date and a short message in the book inside the cover or on the flyleaf. Then they’ll always know it’s theirs and know that you think that it is a precious gift that you have chosen specially for them. Choose material that they like There is plenty of time to discover the classics. To start with choose books that you know your children will like. Choose different books to read to them than those which they are going to read to themselves. When you read to them, you can pick books with exciting or thrilling stories that may have longer words in then they would be able to read themselves. (Always explain a word or phrase if you think that they don’t understand it). Perhaps you have seen a film that you all liked, get the book that inspired the film and read that. If they are reading to themselves, a graphic novel or even a comic is an excellent way to start reading around a film story. Have a word of the day Reading is as much about exploring language and the way stories are told as it is about the stories  themselves. Look on the web or in a dictionary and pick a word of the day which you can all learn together. The word you choose can be gross or exciting, different or funny, long or strange but above all make sure that it is useful in some way. Get everyone to make up a sentence with the new word in it and give a point or star for the best sentence. If they want, let your children each find and tell their favourite new word of the day. A good time to do this is at meal times when you are all together. *** For some ideas on a few good books that your  children might like, have a look at dadcando’s what we like this week column or dadcando’s recommended â€Å"Superb kid’s books† on dadcando’s â€Å"Be Inspired, be inspiring† pages. Get a poetry book and occasionally read them a poem Poems are fabulous for evoking emotions and feelings. The best poems condense and capture descriptions of scenes or feelings in a very powerful way, bridging the gap between stories and songs. Inspire your children with poems and they will remember lines from them, and the times you read to them, for the rest of their lives. Page 2 of 2  © C. Barnardo dadcando 2008.

Human Cloning is Playing God :: Clone Clones

Human cloning is it ethical? I think that human cloning should be banned. The president's stand on human cloning is the same, he believes that all forms of cloning should be banned. Sure cloning has its benefits, but it is not our job to "play God." Human cloning is unethical there are also health risks, emotional risks, risks of abuse of the technology, and over population which leads to global warming. Human cloning is immoral, we know little about it which makes it dangerous with lots of risks. First of all there are health risks, which is the biggest disadvantage with human cloning. People who agree with human cloning agree with it because of the benefits that could do on people?s health, but they should consider the health risks. There are miscarriage deaths, deaths seen after birth, tissue rejection and abnormalities. 10 out of 12 cloned mice born apparently healthy at birth lived less than 800 days. Source: Scotsman ?To subject human beings to cloning is not taking an unknown risk, it's knowingly harming people,? Kilner said. Large percentage of cloning efforts end in failure, it took hundreds of attempts to clone Dolly. ?No human life should be exploded or extinguish for the benefit for another? President Bush. Due to large percentages of animal cloning ending in failure and the lack of understanding about human cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Emotional pressures on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity is also a concern. How will a child be able to distinguish between her mother, and her sister? For example baby Eve was born by caesarian section in Miami on Thursday, weighs 3.1kg and is the exact genetic duplicate of her 31-year-old US mother, according to Clonaid head Brigitte Boisselier. If a father sees his wife's clone grow up into the exact replica of the individual he fell in love with, would a sexual relationship with his wife's twin be wrong? How would they feel if they knew they were a replacement for another? Cloning denies an individual to their own identity. Cloning simply re-creates the genes of the person, not their memories or personality. It is not easy to lose one loved one, but the thought of losing several would be unethical. Third there are the risks of abuse of the technology. If cloning is not ban and becomes legal people are going to want to clone celebrities, inventors, and athletes from the past.

Defeat of the Red Army Essay

By looking at what the areas where the Soviets failed during their in Afghanistan, we can further develop our counterinsurgency tactics and doctrine and shape our forces. Mujahideen Defeats of the Red Army An important and remarkable event in history was the Soviet-Afghan War. The Afghans, like their ancestors, battled a hostile, invading force that wanted to dominate their homeland. â€Å"For the first time, Afghanistan would become the center of a modern pan-Arab Jihad (Holy War)† (Hill, 2008). The Afghans were fighting a war of attrition just as their ancestors did during the Anglo-Afghan Wars. The Afghans would find themselves using modern weapons that had the potential of causing a high number casualties and emigration of greater proportions. The difference between the Afghans in the Soviet-Afghan War and the Afghans who fought in the Anglo-Afghan war would be the help and support from outside superpowers. By the end of the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet Union was at the point of falling; the Afghans and those who were assisting them were looking at a victory. How could such a powerful country like the Soviet Union be defeated by the Afghans? The Soviet Union lost the Soviet-Afghan War as a result of mistakes and failures that they made. The Soviets failure to seal the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, failure to stand up and effective Afghan Army and failure to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people contributed to the defeat of the Red Army. Failure to Disrupt Supply Lines During the initial five years of occupation, the Soviets never mounted a sustained effort to cut off the Mujahideen supply lines that ran from Pakistan’s tribal areas, across the Hindu Kush Mountains, and into Afghanistan (Roy, 1991). Instead, the focus of the Soviets from 1980 to 1982 was to conduct large-scale armored operations in locations that were considered hotbeds of rebel activity. After 1982, the Soviets used aerial assaults to assist in their combat operations to eliminate the support base of the Mujahideen. It was not until 1985 that the Red Army starting making an effort to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines. The Red Army began using Spetsnaz units, which were the Red army Special Forces units, behind Mujahideen frontlines, to organized surprise attacks against the rebel supply caravans. Once the Spetsnaz had the location of the Mujahideen, they would load into Mi-24 helicopter gunships, sneak behind the Mujahideen positions, and launch attacks. The effectiveness of the raids the Spetsnaz used became apparent in 1986 where there was a decrease in the number of Mujahideen attacks against the Soviets. The attacks against the Soviets decreased because the Mujahideen was not able to get men and equipment that they needed to mount an effective guerrilla campaign. The Soviets leadership was aware of the amount of men and a large amount of equipment that the Mujahideen was moving from Pakistan across into Afghanistan on regular bases, so it’s interesting why they did not make an effort earlier in the war to disrupt the supply lines. The Soviet leadership feared that if they conducted operations that might extend into Pakistan they would draw the United States into a large-scale war that the Soviets did not want. So, conducting operations on the Afghan side of the border against the rebels was an activity that the Soviets could justify without drawing the United States into the war. According to Oliver Roy, the Soviet failure to seal the border with Pakistan was the most significant military mistake in the war against the Mujahideen (Roy, 1991). With an unsealed border, the United States with the help of the help of the Inter-Service Intelligence, ISI, began funneling in weapons to the Mujahideen in the 1980. At the start of 1980, the Central Intelligence Agency began to purchase weapons from several countries to include China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab nations. Once these weapons had been purchased they were shipped to the ISI headquarters located in Peshawar Pakistan. The United States funded some $30 million dollars in 1982, but in 1984, the CIA spent some $250 million purchasing pistols, AK-47s, ammunition, surface to air missiles, and other supplies for the Mujahideen. By 1985, the CIA was spending $500 million dollars on the resistance in Afghanistan. 1985 was the same year the President Ronald Reagan signed the National Security Decision Directive 166. This directive stated that the CIA was to drive out the Soviets from Afghanistan †by all means available† (Crile, 2003, p 363). In 1986, the CIA approved the purchase of heat-seeking missiles and almost 1000 per purchased. The heat-seeking missiles were very effective in downing the Soviets helicopters, but the Mujahideen did not put these missions into use until 1987. Pakistan who was driven by Islamic identity had a vested interest in the outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War and made a great effort to ensure that the Mujahideen was victorious. To ensure victory for the Mujahideen, Pakistan established a network that would transport all of the weapons that had been purchased to the Mujahideen. Once all of the weapons that had been purchased and arrived to the ISI headquarters the ISI would distribute the weapons to the Mujahideen, who would get the weapons and supplies to the soldier in the field. The Mujahideen would use tractors, trucks, camel, mules, and horses that could blend in with the rest of the cross border traffic or they would move on dirt roads that were only accessible by foot over the border into Afghanistan. It is evident that without the help of the Pakistanis, the Mujahideen would not have been able to fight because they could have not been able to supply their soldiers. Throughout the war, the Soviets and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, DRA attempted to pressure Pakistan’s President Zia to seal the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan with troops, but this came to no avail. President Zia responds to the request to seal the border was that Pakistan would not do it but that the Red Army and the DRA were more than welcome to do it. Regardless of who would attempt to seal the border it would be an impossible task when you consider the length and mountainous terrain that would have to be covered. In 1985, the Red Army started to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines by putting thousands of troops on the border with Pakistan. At the same time, The Red Army began a bombing campaign hitting border towns that were sympathetic to the rebels and placing Spetsnaz units along the borders to conduct search and destroy missions from behind Mujahideen front lines. The Red Army began using their gunships to move up and down the border looking for destroying Mujahideen supply caravans. The bombardment used by the Red Army turned a large portion of the border etween Afghanistan and Pakistan to land that no longer could be inhabited. This depopulation effort started to become effective as it made it almost impossible for the Mujahideen supply caravans to move freely. In 1986, the Mujahideen countered the Red Army by using the Stringer missiles to bring down the Red Army Helicopters. To avoid being hit by a Stringer missile the Red Army Pilots had to fly at a higher altitude but the higher alt itude made it difficult for the Red Army to effectively attack the Mujahideen supply lines. Although the terrain along the Afghan and Pakistan border made it difficult to totally seal the border, it would have been possible to disrupt the flow of men and supplies coming into Afghanistan. This was evident by the Red Army between 1985 and 1986. Had the Red Army been willing to take a higher loss of life before 1985, it would have been possible to slow down the Mujahideen’s ability to get weapons into Afghanistan. The inability by the Red Army to establish an effective way to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines was not the only reason that the PDPA could not survive without the support of the Red Army. The Red Army also failed to build an Afghan National Army that could protect the PDPA against the Mujahideen. Part of the reason why the Red Army could not stand up the Afghan Army was because there were Mujahideen sympathizers in the ranks. This is also part of the reason why the Soviets could not win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, they left the country without the means to protect its self. Failure to build an Afghan Army As early as 1980, Soviet leadership knew that it was going to be difficult to build up the Afghan Army. This was partially due to the fact that the PDPA regime was unpopular with many Afghan people, and there was also a deep hatred for the Red Army troops. The unwillingness to fight for the Soviet Union and the DRA was reflected by the decrease in the Afghan Army’s ranks. The Afghan Army decreased from 90,000 to 30,000 men from 1980 to 1983 (Schofield, 2003). During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, it was common for Afghan soldiers to leave their units with their weapons and ammunition and join the Mujahideen. There is an account in July 1987 where an entire 2,000-man unit defected to the Mujahideen in Kandahar (McMichael, 1991). In addition to the defecting that was happening there were reports of Afghan officers frequently sabotaging Soviet equipment and vehicles. For the Afghans who remained many only fought because of the Soviet troops presences on the frontlines who would not allow them to runaway. As a result of the Afghans people unwillingness to fight for the Soviets and the DRA, the PDPA could only build a small military force, the total that numbers 120,000 to 150,000 fighting men. With its small size and the challenges they had recruiting the Afghans to fight for the PDPA regime, the Afghan Army was ineffective. The Afghan government was also only able to draft sixty-five percent of the personnel it needed to fight the insurgency they faced. Although the Afghan Army did have their share of success, these successes were limited. Mostly because the Mujahideen had sympathizers in the ranks that would provide the rebels with intelligence about upcoming operations that were planned. Since Mujahideen supporters had infiltrated the Afghan Army, Red Army soldier do not care to work closely on operations or share the intelligence they had because of fear that the details on upcoming operations would be shared with the rebels. To make matter worse for both sides, commanding officers of Afghan units would only be informed of upcoming operations one day in advance. On 9 January 1981, a conscription law designed to increase the strength of the DRA Army, was adopted by the Supreme Military Council of Afghanistan. The Afghan Army was given tanks, aircraft, armored personnel carriers, and small arms by the Soviets. Regardless of what had been given to the Afghan Army they were not going to be able to defend the PDPA regime from the rebels by the time the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. This is based on the fact that it was going to be hard to recruit soldiers to fight for a socialist an also because many of the soldiers that had been recruited were informant for the Mujahideen. â€Å"The ineffectiveness of the DRA Army was illustrated by two Soviet deserters when they said, â€Å"The Kabul army was not an army, just a mess, with half of the soldiers running away and the other half joining the rebels† (Amstutz, 1986, p. 80). The inability of the Soviets to win over the Afghan population showed to be a tremendous obstacle as the attempt was being made to stand up an effective Afghan military. Had the Soviets convince the Afghan population that the PDPA was worth fighting for; the Soviet’s counterinsurgency plan could have been more effective in getting rid of the Mujahideen. The Soviets inability to win over the hearts and minds of the Afghan people ended up being a big obstacle that led to the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan. Failure to win the Hearts and Minds â€Å"The Soviets needed to convince the Afghan population that it had a stake in the survival of the socialist regime if they were to have a chance of preserving the PDPA government† (Delgado, 2006, p. 27). This would show to be impossible since the Afghan mullahs had declared jihad against the occupying Red Army. Knowing the jihad had been declared against the Red Army, they still launched a program with the intent on winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. The Soviets attempt to Sovietize the Afghan people used measures that included revamping the education system and teaching the population a pro-Soviet ideology. Adults and children were taught Marxist terms by Soviet institutions that had been imported into Afghanistan. The Soviets reformed the education system, reinterpreting Afghan history, taking control of the media in order to reeducate adults, and sending children to the Soviet Union in order to be educated. The Soviets goal in all of this was to create a version of Islam that the new Afghanistan would be based off. Building a strong Communist party was part of the Sovietization program. A strong Communist party would be the center of all legitimate political activity for the country. In order to monitor social organizations in Afghanistan, Soviet style government institution were established. A diligent effort had been made by the PDPA to indoctrinate its member, a majority of which joined the party so that they could obtain a job in the state. The task of trying to indoctrinate the member was difficult and many felt that it was irresponsible and corrupt. The DRA was unpopular throughout a large portion of Afghanistan. With this unpopular view of the DRA, there was a need to rewrite history in order to paint the Soviet Union in a more favorable light. This change to history was going to be done in two parts, first was to depict Russia as the essential supporters of Afghan independence, and the second was to minimize the cultural ties the Afghan people had with India, Pakistan, and Iran while emphasizing the ties with the citizens of the Soviet Union. The Soviets strategy in winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people was not to turn all Afghan into Marxist, but to teach the Afghans that they identified more with the Soviet way of life than with traditional Afghan society and customs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets took total control of the Afghan media and bombarded it with pro-Soviet propaganda. The Soviets desired in all of this was to have the Afghans forget what their history was and replace it with the identity that the Soviets were giving them. The Soviets not only rewrote the history books and took over the media; the Soviets took control of the education system with the goal of molding a new generation of Afghans that would support the PDPA. To accomplish this, teachers who refused to do what was asked were arrested or exiled. â€Å"Fatherland Training Centers† were created around Afghanistan, where Afghan orphans were trained to be Soviet special agents, political organizations for children and teenagers in order to teach them to become faithful Soviet citizens. The Soviets made Russian the official language of all students attending middle school up to college. The Russians were committed to indoctrinating Afghan children. Statics reflects that by 1989, 000 Afghan students were being educated in the Soviets, and another 15,000 students annual would travel to the Soviet Union see the Russian way of life and to take part in short courses and training programs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets used psychological operation to undermine not only the Mujahideen but also the civilian population to resist the Soviet occupation and the PDPA regime. Some of the bigger programs used included massive leaflet drops, propagandistic radio programs, starting conflict between rival tribes that would undermine Mujahideen unity and bribing teachers to use their classroom in order to spread Soviet propaganda. KHAD Intelligence would insert special agents into Mujahideen units and prisons where Mujahideen members were held with the goal of getting information on operations that were being planned and to find out whom the leaders in the resistance were. Regardless of what the Soviets attempted to do in order to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people they failed. The Afghans remained true to their Islamic identity, culture, and family traditions so it made it impossible for the Soviet Union to convince the Afghans that they were acting in the best interest of the country of Afghanistan by occupying and supporting the PDPA. With a call of jihad being declared against the occupying Red Army, it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds. The Afghans viewed the Soviets as an occupying force that were hostile to Islam so no program introduced by the Soviets to win the hearts and minds would be successful. The Soviets made an admirable effort to win over the Afghan people but due to the fact that they were viewed as a foreign occupier took away any possibility that they could convince the Afghan people to support the PDPA government. Winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people were impossible from the beginning since the Afghan people had such a strong Islamic heritage and tribal culture and that the Soviets were viewed as a foreign occupier, but the Soviets also did not help themselves with their brutal campaign to drive Mujahideen supporters out of Afghanistan as refugees. The effort to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supporters left one million Afghan civilians dead and five million displaced (Roy, 1989). The strategy used by the Red Army to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supported included artillery strike against Pashtun villages, bombing raids and, the burning of agricultural fields, the killing of livestock through the use mines and artillery, and the contamination of water and food supplies through the use of chemical weapons (McMichael, 1991). The efforts made by the Red Army to deprive the Mujahideen from a portion of its civilian support network was successful, but with the brutal methods that the Soviets used in order to get the objectives done did very little for the chances of winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Conclusion The Soviets lost the Soviet-Afghan War to the Mujahideen do to their own failures and any country could stand to earn a few lessons from the Soviets after their experience in Afghanistan. The first lesson would be the importance of disrupting the Mujahideen supply lines. Although totally securing the border may have been impossible, the Red Army could have focus more of an effort prior to 1985 to slow down the amount of men and supplies that were moving into Afghanistan from Pakistan. Had the Soviets been willing to take more of rest with their Soldiers, the Mujahideen would have never been able to get the supplies they needed into Afghanistan. The second lesson that could be taken from this is that before the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan they needed to ensure that the Afghan Army was ready to defeat the Mujahideen on their own. Since the Afghan Army was not able to defeat the Mujahideen on their own, everything that the Soviets attempted to achieve in Afghanistan was lost once the Red Army withdrew. The weak Army allowed Afghanistan to fall into a civil war where the Taliban came out victorious. The Soviets should have taken into consideration what they thought the status Afghan Army would be once they withdrew before invading Afghanistan. The third and final lesson is that it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Many Afghans viewed the Soviets as invaders, and a jihad had been declared against them. Along with the hatred that the Afghans had for the Soviets the Soviets also countered themselves with brutal military operations against Afghans that were thought to be loyal to the Mujahideen. The Afghan population will refuse to support a regime that is viewed as a foreign occupier, regardless of the sophistication of the occupying country’s effort to win the native hearts and minds†(Delgado, 2006, p. 35). References Crile, G. (2003). Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York, NY: Delgado, J. A. (2006). Troubling Parallels: An analysis of America ’s Inability to overcome the obstacles that led to the defeat of the Red Army in the Soviet-Afghan War. Athens, OH: The University of Ohio. Hills, C. R. (2006). Beyond Charlie Wilson: The Soviet Afghan War. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta International School. McMichael, S. (1991). Stumbling Bear: Soviet Military Performance in Afghanistan. London, England: Brassey’s. Roy, O. (1989). â€Å"The Sovietization of Afghanistan. † Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Roy, O. (1991). The Lessons of the Soviet-Afghan War. London, England: Brassey’s. Schofield, V. (2003). Afghan Frontier. New York, NY: Tauris Parke Paperback.