Confucius Lived In An Era - Free Essay Example

A philosopher, political figure, teacher, and forefather of the Ru School of Chinese thought, Confucius, also named Master Kong, was a fifth-century BCE Chinese thinker who influenced all of East Asia as becoming a culturally symbolic figure. Born in the city of Lu, present-day Qufu, in 551 BCE-479 BCE, Confucius was raised by a single mother. Growing up, Confucius lived his life with a broad set of competencies. He studied music and history, also, learned hunting, fishing, and archery (Arnold). Confucius grew to become a well- known philosopher whose teachings were recorded and persevered in a text called the Analects (a collection of his sayings). He formed the foundation of how the ideal human should be education and compassion for ones community and should live life in order to seek self-development, through important virtues, Jen and Li. Unpretentiously, Confucius states that he loves to learn and is a transmitter of wisdom from the ancient past ( Riegal, Confucius). He sees himself as a regular individual. Furthermore, Confucius lived in an era where the political frenzy in the government left society corrupt. Confucius believed that chaos and disorder were caused by the mistreatment and abuse of propriety. The time was one of political dissolution in which the unity of the Chou dynasty was eroded and small state conflict was dominant (Arnold, Confucius, and Confucianism). He ventured a life-long practice to restore the value of customs and to broadcast the rules of morality. In order to do so, one must set out to restore the community in which they live in and educate themselves to be a better human being. Confucius is shown using his method as he began his career as a teacher in his 20s. His teachings included history, poetry, divination, government, ethics, and music. From then on out, he became one of the greatest teachers of history. Later on in his career, he sought to be in public office. He started as a chief justice of the town of Chung-Tu. At the age of fifty, he worked as the post assistant administrator of public works and next transitioning as the Minster of Crime in Lu. After being forced to retire, due to jealousy, for the next twelve to thirteen years he sought after a new position with his faithful disciples by his side. Eventually, he found a new position and worked as an advisor for the Duke of Ai. By the age of seventy-three, Confucius had died, but his teachings had spread throughout East Asia and Chinese culture. To continue, the value of education plays a very important role in the philosophy of Confucianism. A man who educates themselves severs as a better contribution to society, therefore ties into the fact that one can better the community and prosper in self-development. Education aids as a key to self-development to eventually become a better civil servant to society. When a society is uneducated, the fundamental quality of peoples spirits and mood breaks down. Thus concludes with people becoming full of hate, uncaring, disrespectful and chaos can spread like a disease throughout the community. Confucianism is categorized as a system of social and ethical philosophy. Confucius stray away from this philosophy being named a religion. He doesnt refer to gods of any kind, or the concept of Heaven or Hell, nor the idea of reincarnation, compared to other religions. Nonetheless, Confucius was careful to instruct his students to never neglect or disrespect the offering due in heaven, and the Gods of other religions. Although he did not believe in them, he still gave them the utmost respect. Confucius focuses more on the changing of oneself by self-development, and from that, can improve the world in a better way. The goal of this philosophy is to alter into a better human, seeking harmony with nature, and involves cultivating a sense of ritual and becoming an educated man. Moreover, Confucianism has two virtues which can benefit from becoming the ultimate goal of Confucian: the superior man. Confucianism has a set of virtues one must follow Li and Jen. Li is described as social respectability and is the greatest principle of living. Li may also be specified as the middle way in all things. If and when a community lives by Li it runs easily and will prosper into a better community, filled with the better education system, a lower poverty and crime rate, and a stable and trustworthy government. Li is also demonstrated by the Five Relationships: magnanimity in our rulers, devotion in ministers and subjects, compassionate consideration in our elders, benevolence for our fathers, moral behavior in the husband, submission in the wife, courtesy of the eldest brother, respect in the younger, and admiration in juniors and loving goodness in the son. Some examples of Li would be using proper manners at a meal, having a certain respect for those who are older than you, and greeting someone in higher power with a bow. Jen is defined as altruism or Shu. This is helping others for merely the fact that you are helping and not to gain anything for ourselves. Jen is involving empathy, conscientiousness, selflessness. An example of Jen is living life with human-heartedness doing nice things out of the goodness of your heart rather than expecting something in return.

Lifestyle Declaration in the Armed Services - 763 Words

In 1993 President Bill Clinton signed a law that set the policy of â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue, and don’t harass† when dealing with homosexuals serving in the Armed Services. The policy was a compromise to allow homosexuals to legally serve in the military as long as they did not declare their lifestyle or engage in conduct that was in violation of military good order and discipline. Supporters viewed the law as a step forward in achieving equal rights for homosexuals. Opponents remained concerned that the policy could jeopardize morale and unit effectiveness. â€Å"The Joint Chiefs, including the chairman, had all came out against the president on gays serving in the military† (Gates 440). Over time the military was able to adapt to the new policy and restore force readiness. In 2010 the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy was repealed and homosexuals were given the opportunity to openly serve in the milita ry. The Joint Chiefs once again objected and questioned the timing of the change. Many believe the repeal was politically motivated and a bad idea that would add additional disruption to an already strained fighting force. Every new service member must go through Basic Training for up to 12 weeks depending on the branch of service. The purpose of Basic Training is to indoctrinate the new service member into the ways of military life. New service members are taught to work as a group and set aside their individual thoughts and ideas. Strict obedience to military standardsShow MoreRelatedWar : The War Of American Citizens, And For The Security Of The American Republic1679 Words   |  7 Pagesalliances, imperialism and most importantly pride were the reasons of the start of WWI. A pride for my country not much different than mine when I was eighteen, a pride called nationalism. This pride played a factor that eventually brought young American armed forces to Europe. 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From the day we are born we are categorized either a male...

From the day we are born we are categorized either a male or female. From that day onward society molds, and shapes us into what it means to be a man or women. Aaron Devor’s â€Å"Becoming Members of society: Learning The Social Meanings of Gender† discusses the formation of gender roles. Devor talks about how quickly children develop, and placed into their gender group.He also discusses about the gender role behaviors and attitudes . In Jamaica Kincaid’s ,†Girl†, Kincaid focussed on her relationship with her mother, mainly on the expectations her mother had for her. From the personal observations, examples from Devor and Kincaid’s passages, I see that gender roles are not rooted into our biology, but formed from expectations from society.†¦show more content†¦How we learn and interacted with gender as a young child directly influences how we view the world today. We are not born wanting to wear skirts or jeans, but we are taught at a young age by society that there is a right and wrong way to be someone. Many people may call my aunt stern for not allowing my cousin to wear jeans. But if my cousin was a guy ,and if the jean was a skirt, most people would understand my aunt for her actions. Men are expected to be rough, tough, emotionless, insensitive, and fearless. Devor says â€Å"North American society reserves highly valued attributes for males and actively supports the high evaluation of any characteristics which might inadvertently become associated with maleness.† Unlike males, females in general have a tendency to be less aggressive than males. This can be seen from Kincaid’s â€Å"girl† , the girl’s mother wanted her to be a â€Å"lady† and not a â€Å"slut.† To become a lady the mother had many expectations for her like: â€Å"this is how you smile to someone†, â€Å"this is how you iron your father’s khaki’s†, â€Å"be sure to wash everyday†, â€Å"don’t squat to play marbles.†(p.385) Our peers often shape who we are. Parents, friends, and siblings are constantly monitoring and correcting us. We do not develop understandings by ourselves, but we learn from others. Where we come from, where we grow up, who is around us greatly influence the type of person we become. Devor says â€Å" children absorb the generalized standardsShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Treatment Of Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Treatment Of Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris? Answer: Introduction Arteriosclerosis is the condition leading to hardening of the arterial wall and restriction of the blood flow to different organs and tissues (Kuro-o, 2017). In contrast, atherosclerosis is a condition which leads to narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup on the artery walls. Atherosclerosis can be regarded as a form of arteriosclerosis where elasticity of arteries are lost due to deposition of fatty plaques and other substance on the artery walls (Stone et al., 2014). The main pathophysiological difference between both the conditions is related to narrowing and hardening of arterial walls in respective conditions. NSTEMI (Non-segmented elevation myocardial infarction) and STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) are two common types of heart attacks where difference is found on the nature of waves detected in electrocardiogram (ECG) (Fanaroff et al., 2016). The difference in ECG characteristics for NSTEMI and STEMI are as follows: Depressed ST wave is found in NSTEMI and in STEMI, elevated ST waves are formed. No progression to Q wave is seen in NSTEMI, however progression to Q wave is seen STEMI condition The ECG characteristics of NSTEMI shows partial blockage of the coronary artery and in case of STEMI, full blockage in the coronary artery is found (Fanaroff et al., 2016). NSTEMI is the least commonly occurring heart attack compared to STEMI (McManus et al., 2011). Angina pectoris is a clinical term given for chest pain in patients with coronary heart disease. It occurs due to blockage of arteries and lack of appropriate blood flow to the heart muscle (Tarkin Kaski, 2013). The main difference between signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris are as follows: Angina pectoris consists of many types such as stable angina, unstable angina, microvascular angina and Prinzmetals angina (Iqbal et al., 2016). In contrast, myocardial infarction consists of two types including NSTEMI and STEMI (Ludka et al., 2015). The main problem or sign in case of angina pectoris is intermittent chest pain (Katzung Chatterjee, 2012) and the main problem in myocardial infarction is tightness in the chest (Canto et al., 2012). The difference in symptoms of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris is that in case of angina pectoris, patients have pressing chest pain in the left side (Katzung Chatterjee, 2012). In myocardial infarction, the crushing chest pain is on the lower sternum (Canto et al., 2012). Preload and afterload are two terms used in cardiac physiology. Preload or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is the end-diastolic volume found at the end of diastole. In contrast, afterload or systemic vascular resistance is the amount of resistance needed by heart to push the blood into systemic circulation. Preload is an event that occurs after the end of diastole whereas afterload is a condition that occurs during systole (Lao et al., 2015). One long term effect of hypertension includes increase in risk of stroke due to weakening of the arterial walls and blood vessels. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease occurs in patient with high blood pressure due to increase in pressure of blood flowing through the arteries. It damages the inner lining of the arterial walls (Mahmood et al., 2014). Hence, elasticity of arterial wall is lost creating conditions for development of stroke or other cardiovascular disease. Irregular blood flow to the heart due to narrowing down of arteries leads to chest pain and heart attack in patients (Dawber, Moore Mann, 2015). The artrioventricular node abnormalities are defined as the abnormalities in atrioventricular node leading to interruptions in the electrical conduction from atria to the ventricles (Temple et al., 2016). There are three degrees of atrioventricular blocks which are as follows: First degree block: It results in elongation of PR intervals and delay in atrial impulse. Here PR interval excess by 0.20 seconds Second degree block: It is associated with single non conduction of P wave or repetition of non conduction after PR interval Third degree block: No AV conduction occurs and atrial and ventricular impulses are not synchronous with each other (Luik et al., 2016). The main difference between left sided and right sides heart failure are as follows: In case of left sided heart failure, straining of left ventricle muscles is the reason for heart attack (Rosenkranz et al., 2015). However, in case of right sided heart failure, straining of the right ventricle is the main cause of heart attack (Melenovsky et al., 2014). Left sided failure is associated with severe breathlessness, anxiety, sweating and frothy sputum in cough (Rosenkranz et al., 2015). In case of right sided heart failure, nausea, vomiting, oedema and abdominal pain are the main symptoms (Melenovsky et al., 2014). Drug card for Nitroglycerin: Classification: Anti-anginal and nitrates Pharmacology and actions: It is a vasodilator, hence used for dilating coronary arteries and reducing preload and afterload. It also minimizes the myocardial oxygen demand. Indications: Oral and transdermal mainly used for acute angina and IV used for treatment of acute myocardial infarction Contraindications: Used cautiously when suffering from hypersensitivity, severe anemia, liver impairment, hypovolemia and patients with alcohol intolerance Precautions and side effects: Dizziness, weakness, hypotension and dry mouths are side effects of drugs. Interactions: It has interaction with nitrates in any form Administration: IV dose must be diluted in glass bottles. It must be diluted in 0.9% NaCl and in case of using in concentrated form, it must not exceed 400 mcg/ml. Use topically too. Consideration for drug use: Patients must be instructed about dosage and gradual reduction in dose instead of abrupt discontinuation of drug. Patient must be advised to change position slowly and report about any adverse side effects of the drug (Vallerand, Sanoski Deglin, 2016). Drug card for Digoxin (Lanoxin) Classification: Antiarrhythmics, inotropics Pharmacology and actions: It increased cardiac output by prolonging refractory period of AV node and increasing myocardial contraction. Indications: It is used for treatment of heart failure and atrial tachycardia Contraindications: Contraindicated in AV block, alcohol intolerance and uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmias. Precautions and side effects: Fatigue, weakness, blurred vision, arrhthymias and vomiting are some of the side effect of the drugs. Interactions: It has interaction with thiazide and loop diuretics, beta blockers and thyroid hormones Administration: The dose may vary for children of different age and adults. The dose also differs based on use for inotropic effect and atrial arrhythmias. Consideration for drug use: Apical pulse should be monitored before administration and consider use of digoxin at different heart rates for children (Vallerand, Sanoski Deglin, 2016). Reference Canto, J. G., Rogers, W. J., Goldberg, R. J., Peterson, E. D., Wenger, N. K., Vaccarino, V., ... NRMI Investigators. (2012). Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality.Jama,307(8), 813-822. Dawber, T. R., Moore, F. E., Mann, G. V. (2015). II. Coronary heart disease in the Framingham study.International journal of epidemiology,44(6), 1767-1780. Fanaroff, A. C., Navar, A. M., Clare, R., Lokhnygina, Y., Roe, M., Giugliano, R., ... Blazing, M. (2016). Association of Type of Presentation, STEMI vs NSTEMI/UA, With the Relative Long-Term Incidence of Cardiovascular and Non-Cardiovascular Mortality. Iqbal, M. N., Ashraf, A., Muhammad, A., Alam, S., Xiao, S., Ali, S., Irfan, M. (2016). Prevalence of Angina Pectoris in relation to various risk factors.PSM Biological Research,1(1), 6-10. Katzung, B. G., Chatterjee, K. (2012). Vasodilators and the treatment of angina pectoris.Basic and clinical pharmacology,7, 20-25. Kuro-o, M. (2017). Development of identification and the new treatment of the novel therapeutic target of arteriosclerosis.Impact,2017(6), 53-55. Lao, Y., Ji, H., Huang, Y., Liang, J., Huang, Y., Li, Y., ... Huang, Z. (2015, October). Effects of preload, after-load and myocardial contractility on pressure-volume loop of the cardiovascular system model. InBiomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), 2015 8th International Conference on(pp. 291-295). IEEE. Ludka, O., Stepanova, R., Sedova, P., Kara, T., Spinar, J. (2015). Long term prognosis of patients with different types of myocardial infarction (nstemi and Stemi) with similar left ventricular systolic function and moderate to severe sleep apnea: Supported by European Regional Development Fund-Project Fnusa-icrc (no. Cz. 1.05/1.1. 00/02.0123).European Journal of Heart Failure,17, 436. Luik, A., Mignanelli, L., Kroschel, K., Schmitt, C., Rembe, C., Scalise, L. (2016). Laser Doppler vibrometry as a noncontact method to detect various degrees of atrioventricular block: A feasibility study.Future cardiology,12(3), 269-279. Mahmood, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., Wang, T. J. (2014). The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective.The Lancet,383(9921), 999-1008. McManus, D. D., Gore, J., Yarzebski, J., Spencer, F., Lessard, D., Goldberg, R. J. (2011). Recent trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of patients with STEMI and NSTEMI.The American journal of medicine,124(1), 40-47. Melenovsky, V., Hwang, S. J., Lin, G., Redfield, M. M., Borlaug, B. A. (2014). Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.European heart journal,35(48), 3452-3462. Rosenkranz, S., Gibbs, J. S. R., Wachter, R., De Marco, T., Vonk-Noordegraaf, A., Vachiery, J. L. (2015). Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.European heart journal,37(12), 942-954. Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Merz, C. N. B., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., ... McBride, P. (2014). 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(25 Part B), 2889-2934. Tarkin, J. M., Kaski, J. C. (2013). Pharmacological treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris.Clinical medicine,13(1), 63-70. Temple, I. P., Logantha, S. J. R., Absi, M., Zhang, Y., Pervolaraki, E., Yanni, J., ... Drinkhill, M. (2016). Atrioventricular node dysfunction and ion channel transcriptome in pulmonary hypertension.Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology,9(12), e003432. Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A., Deglin, J. H. (2016).Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses. FA Davis.

Sociolinguistics free essay sample

It is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistic feature, e. g. the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociolinguistics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Major dialects are typically demarcated by whole bundles of isoglosses, e. g. the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages; or the La Spezia-Rimini Line which divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central ones. One of the most well-known isoglosses is the Centum-Satem isogloss. A major isogloss in American English has been identified as the North-Midland isogloss, which demarcates numerous linguistic features, including the Northern Cities vowel shift, the isogloss separates rather than connects points of equal language. An isogloss refers to a specific type of language border. It is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistic feature, e. g. the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature. Major dialects are typically demarcated by whole bundles of isoglosses, e. . the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages; or the La Spezia-Rimini Line which divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central ones. One of the most well-known isoglosses is the Centum-Satem isogloss. 1. In DIALECT geography, an area within which a feature is used predominantly or exclusively. Such a feature (phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, lexical, or other) usually contras ts with some similar feature in adjoining areas. Thus, some native speakers of English pronounce /r/ after a vowel, as in barn, hard, car, while others do not: in the US this postvocalic /r/ is normally present in the Chicago area but absent in the Boston area. Such distinct areas are isoglosses. 2. More commonly, the line on a dialect map which bounds the area of a certain usage. In England, an isogloss that stretches from the mouth of the Severn to Portsmouth separates the area of initial spoken /v/ from that of /f/, as in vinger/finger, Vriday/Friday, the v-forms being south-west of the line. No two isoglosses coincide exactly; there is always a transition area of partial overlapping. Social dialect: Another important axis of differentiation is that of social strata. In many localities, dialectal differences are connected with social classes, educational levels, or both. More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region is better preserved in the speech of the lower and less-educated classes. In large urban centres, innovations unknown in the former dialect of the region frequently develop. Thus, in cities the social stratification of dialects is especially relevant and far-reaching, whereas in rural areas, with a conservative way of life, the traditional geographic dialectal differentiation prevails. Educational differences between speakers strongly affect the extent of their vocabulary. In addition, practically every profession has its own expressions, which include the technical terminology and sometimes also the casual words or idioms peculiar to the group. Slang too is characterized mainly by a specific vocabulary and is much more flexible than an ordinary dialect, as it is subject to fashion and depends strongly on the speaker’s age group. Slang—just as a professional dialect—is used mainly by persons who are in a sense bidialectal; i. e. , they speak some other dialect or the standard language, in addition to slang. Dialectal differences also often run parallel with the religious or racial division of the population. Regional dialect: A speech pattern that alerts the listener that you are from a specific region within the United States. It may include non-standard pronunciation, grammar, resonance, pitch, rate of speech, and differences in vocabulary. A few examples of regional dialects include the New York and Southern American dialects. A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a nation state, whether it be a small area, a federal state or province, or some wider area. Usually applies to the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation characteristic of specific geographic localities or social classes. The vernacular is the informal everyday language spoken by a people. A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation, the term accent is appropriate, not dialect (although in common usage, dialect and accent are usually synonymous). A regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional names which mark them out as being significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place. Some examples are Hillbilly English (from the Appalachians in the USA) and Geordie (from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK). A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. As it is usually the form promoted in schools and the media, it is usually considered by speakers of the language to be more correct in some sense than other dialects. Usually, but not always, based on the tongue of a capital city, a standard language is defined by the selection of certain regional and class markers, and the rejection of others. This is the version of a language that is typically taught to learners of the language as a foreign language, and most texts written in that language follow its spelling and grammar norms. standard written language is sometimes termed by the German word Schriftsprache A Standard languages arise when a certain dialect begins to be used in written form, normally throughout a broader area than that of the dialect itself. The ways in which this language is used—e. g. , in administrative matters, literature, and economic life—lead to the minimization of linguistic variation. The social prestige attached to the speech of the richest, most powerful, and most highly educated members of a society transforms their language into a model for others; it also contributes to the elimination of deviating linguistic forms. Dictionaries and grammars help to stabilize linguistic norms, as do the activity of scholarly institutions and, sometimes, governmental intervention. The base dialect for a country’s standard language is very often the original dialect of the capital and its environs—in France, Paris; in England, London; in Russia, Moscow. Or the base may be a strong economic and cultural centre—in Italy, Florence. Or the language may be a combination of several regional dialects, as are German and Polish. Even a standard language that was originally based on one local dialect changes, however, as elements of other dialects infiltrate into it over the years. The actual development in any one linguistic area depends on historical events. Sometimes even the distribution of standard languages may not correspond to the dialectal situation. Dutch and Flemish dialects are a part of the Low German dialectal area, which embraces all of northern Germany, as well as The Netherlands and part of Belgium. In one part of the dialectal area, however, the standard language is based on High German, and in the other part the standard language is Dutch or Flemish, depending on the nationality of the respective populations. In the United States, where there is no clearly dominant political or cultural centre—such as London or Paris—and where the territory is enormous, the so-called standard language shows perceptible regional variations in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. All standard languages are in any case spoken in a variety of accents, though sometimes one particular accent (e. g. Received Pronunciation in Britain) may be most closely associated with the standard because of its shared social or educational origins. In most developed countries, the majority of the population has an active (speaking, writing) or at least passive (understanding) command of the standard language. Very often the rural population, and not uncommonly the lower social strata of the urban p opulation as well, are in reality bidialectal. They speak their maternal dialect at home and with friends and acquaintances in casual contacts, and they use the standard language in more formal situations. Even the educated urban population in some regions uses the so-called colloquial language informally. In the German-, Czech-, and Slovene-speaking areas of middle Europe, for example, a basically regional dialect from which the most striking local features have been eliminated is spoken. The use of this type of language is supported by psychological factors, such as feelings of solidarity with a certain region and pride in its traditions or the relaxed mood connected with informal behaviour. . Code-switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilinguals, people who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety. Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language interference). Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when two or more speakers who do not speak a common language form an intermediate, third language. On the other hand, speakers practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages. Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-switching and code-mixing varies. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while others apply code-mixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of said language-contact phenomena, and code-switching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons. In the 1940s and the 1950s many scholars called code-switching a sub-standard language usage. Since the 1980s, however, most scholars have recognized it is a normal, natural product of bilingual and multilingual language use. In popular usage outside the field of linguistics the term code-switching is sometimes used to refer to relatively stable informal mixtures of two languages, such as Spanglish or Franponais, or to refer to dialect or style-shifting, such as that practiced by speakers of African American Vernacular English as they move from less formal to more formal settings. Code-switching refers to alternating between one or more languages or dialects. It also occurs within a particular language. We use different forms of expression depending on the person we are speaking to and where we are speaking to that person. There are different degrees of formality and informality. Many times in English there is more than one way of pronouncing. Some people whose first language is English decide how they are going to speak by the context within which they are speaking. Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternating between one or more languages or dialects. Code-switching is the practice of moving between variations of languages in different contexts. This article explains the history of code-switching, explores important literature on the subject, and discusses approaches to language response in the classroom. Code-switching is the practice of moving between variations of languages in different contexts. Everyone who speaks has learned to code-switch depending on the situation and setting. In an educational context, code-switching is defined as the practice of switching between a primary and a secondary language or discourse. In a diglossic situation, some topics and situations are better suited to one language over another. Joshua Fishman proposes a domain-specific code-switching model (later refined by Blom and Gumperz) wherein bilingual speakers choose which code to speak depending on where they are and what they are discussing. For example, a child who is a bilingual Spanish-English speaker might speak Spanish at home and English in class, but Spanish at recess. Code switching refers to the switching between two or more different languages in a single conversation. This occurs when a bilingual person uses both languages to communicate with another person. It happens consciously as well as sub-consciously. In most cases both the people in the conversation are conversant with both languages. The switch from one language to the other can last for a single phrase to a few sentences. The switch is made mainly due to the mood of the speaker or he/she might feel that a particular part of the conversation can be best conveyed by switching to another language. The switch might also happen because the person does not know the appropriate word or phrase in a particular language. Code switching happens very often in ethnic minority communities in different countries. E. g. It is prevalent in the Indian and Hispanic communities in the United States. Pidgin is often confused with code switching but it differs because it refers to the mixing up of two different languages in a single word. In 1977, Carol Myers-Scotton and William Ury identified code-switching as the â€Å"use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation or interaction. † Scholars use different names for various types of code-switching. Citation needed] Intersentential switching occurs outside the sentence or the clause level (i. e. at sentence or clause boundaries). Intra-sentential switching occurs within a sentence or a clause. Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both, from language-B to language-A, (common intra-sentential switches). Intra-word switching occurs within a word, itself, such as at a morpheme boundary. Patois is any language t hat is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. It can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects, and other forms of native or local speech, but not commonly to jargon or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant. Class distinctions are embedded in the term, drawn between those who speak patois and those who speak the standard or dominant language used in literature and public speaking, They are synonymous, but patois implies that it is the dialect of a region or a group (such as thieves), differing in various respects from the standard language of the country. — ORIGIN French, ‘rough speech’. The slang or informal speech used by a particular social

Organizational Behavior and Concepts

Organizational Behavior and Concepts Organizational Culture and behavior Culture and behavior of an organization tend to have a similar meaning and are very important in determining the way the operations of an organization are carried out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concept is essentially concerned with the way employees of an organization think, hence become so crucial in understanding how their performance can be increased, make it cost effective, and ensure that their services are well utilized in the organization. For one to comprehend the meaning of the above statement, one should first of all have an understanding of what the term culture entail (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2005). This term implies the customs and beliefs that are followed by a certain group of people who live together. For instance, every ethnic group has specific values that it upholds and maintains from generation to generation and must be respected. So, when it comes to an organization the same meaning applies whereby there are specific stipulations and codes of conduct that each and every staff is bound to respect without any compromise. This implies that each and every employee is supposed to behave within these stipulations. Organizational cultures can further be categorized by use of a pyramid whereby the lowest part illustrates the artifacts and behaviors which are most concrete of all cultures hence describe more about an organization. The other category comprises of the values which are responsible for controlling suppositions and conduct of the personnel. The last and top most section shows the hypothesis and principles which form the most essential part of this pyramid and are very abstract. They are the hardest aspects to inculcate into the employees mind, but once they are assimilated they influence greatly how the staff follows the other elements of culture (Robb ins Judge, 2010). Organizational behaviors on the other hand have some link with culture due to the fact that the later determines the kind of behaviors to be adopted in an organization. Organizational behaviors involve the kind of conduct that is followed by employees in organization. It forms a very basic and crucial aspect that needs to be put into consideration within the organization. The kinds of behaviors that are exhibited by the staff of business are influenced by the standards that are set by the organization. This means the behaviors of employees is limited to the expectations of the firm. The importance of knowing about organizational behaviors is to help organizations come into terms with the conduct of their human resource and learn how to mould the behaviors into what they want and is best for the business (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational Diversity Diversity has become a common scenario in the society since it touches on very many areas of people’s lives such as on the nationality, educational levels, social status and many other elements that have varied characteristics. All these aspects have had a diversified nature hence making organizations to put this into consideration since it is now obvious that they must cater for all these differences. It has become a hard task for organizations to offer employment to people in a manner that ensures equitable distribution of the opportunities to all the people in a particular area so as to meet the needs of all the individuals in the society. This therefore demands that the organizations in the present time should be ready to accept and adapt to the dynamic society that is there nowadays. For an organization to be perceived wholesome it must be at a point of having diversified team of members and at the same time should be of fering goods and services that meet the needs of all kind of people in the society. This has led to a great change in the operation of many organizations whereby they have put in place mechanisms that enable businesses to cater for the wide range of people that have come up. In typical organizations, the Information Communication Systems such as computers and the Internet have enabled managers to diversify the operations of their organization due to the fact that there is timely and accurate information. Organizational Communication For an organization to have a smooth running of its operations, it must have a good communication system. Organizational communication is viewed as the freedom to convey information between the executives and the staff which facilitates better performance. This helps the members of an organization to have a good correlation. This happens by selecting communication skills that are able to cut across the different class of people within the organization. P roper communication systems in organizations have led to many positive changes which can be described by the rapid growth of a company. Communication has enabled organizations to become more innovative and has also streamlined the mode of management. Effective communication has also enabled businesses to meet the international levels of standard since they can be able to interact on a global platform. Organizational communication has been facilitated by the advancement of technology that has made the world to seen as a global village. This has widened the organizational scope hence improving the operations and quality of work that is done by businesses (Miner, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics Business ethics refers to the conduct that organizations are bound to follow as it executes its day to day operations with the society and the environment in general. Each and every business has its own kind of ethics that define how it carries out its deals, which does not only involve how it relate with the large population but also on the individual consumers and parties that are associated with it. Business ethics have come in handy, more specifically on the kind of status it acquires. In the current world most of the legitimate organizations have moved from the era of being profit oriented to an era of minding the rapport they have with the customers and the world at large. The survival of many organizations in the present world has been sustained by the kind of ethics they possess (Miner, 2007). Change management Organizations have the role of offering goods and services to the consumers and also the duty of carrying out changes that are relevant for the company’s development. Change management refers to the way an organization carries out important amendments in a manner that depicts order and effecti veness (Robbins Judge, 2010). Every organization has to implement any change that is deemed relevant so as to remain competitive and within the stipulated requirements. For instance, when an organization decides to change its network system, say from local area network (LAN) to a virtual local area network (VLAN), it must consider all the costs and benefits associated with the change, among other factors. There is need to inform all the parties involved in the change, thus appropriate strategies must be documented and implemented with the aim of making such changes feasible. References Miner, J. (2007).Organizational Behavior: From Theory to Practice, Behavior. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Robbins, J. Judge, T. (2010). Organizational Behavior, My Management Lab Series. (14th Ed.) Chicago: Prentice Hall. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N. (2005). Organizational Behavior. (9th Ed.). Chicago: Wiley Publishers.

Business Plan (Financial Part) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan (Financial Part) - Essay Example These are powerful tools since these would contain a summary of the services that the office would render. With this plan, the owner budgeted for the design and production of the materials on a quarterly basis. An agency will be outsourced to fulfill this requirement. CFL would also be utilizing Search Engine Optimization, thus the budget to be allocated for the creation and hosting of its website. The creation of a web site would only be one-time and any change to the website would essentially be just minor ones and would not entail too much costs. Print ads would also be produced to support the above-mentioned marketing plans and also to reach the market who are heavy users of this medium. A monthly print advertisement shall be implemented in two major dailies in Cyprus. The budgetary requirements have been spread all throughout the first year of operations to be able to determine the needed cash flow. Targets on the number of needed accounts to cover for all operational costs have also been determined. These targets must be adhered to by the account managers to ensure smooth operations of the company. The 50,000 pounds start-up capital shall not be used up 100% for the first month, but instead, only 25% of which shall be spent on the perceived operational requirements./The rest shall be treated as savings and would only be used as needed. The cash flow has been planned to ensure that the projected income shall cover for the projected costs. The targeted number of projects and clients has been identified for the rest of the operational year. This is to ensure that all operational costs shall be covered for and that there would be as little deficit as can be should the plans do not materialize. The budget requirements are definitely lower than the projected income. The company plans to adhere to this budget plan to ensure that the office, at the very least, breaks even. However, as such a business is bound to